It can be used to conclude that "all ravens are black" based on many individual observations of black ravens. Inductive reasoning is a form of generalization that infers a universal law from a pattern found in many individual cases. Often-discussed types are inductive, abductive, and analogical reasoning. Non-deductive reasoning plays a central role in everyday life and in most sciences. Some uncertainty remains because the conclusion introduces new information not already found in the premises. This is often understood in terms of probability: the premises make it more likely that the conclusion is true and strong inferences make it very likely. Deductive reasoning plays a central role in formal logic and mathematics.įor non-deductive logical reasoning, the premises make their conclusion rationally convincing without ensuring its truth. Valid arguments follow a rule of inference, such as modus ponens or modus tollens. For valid arguments, it is not important whether the premises are actually true but only that, if they were true, the conclusion could not be false. Such an argument is called a valid argument, for example: (1) all men are mortal (2) Socrates is a man (3) therefore, Socrates is mortal. Deductive reasoning offers the strongest support: the premises ensure the conclusion, meaning that it is impossible for the conclusion to be false if all the premises are true. The main discipline studying logical reasoning is called logic.ĭistinct types of logical reasoning differ from each other concerning the norms they employ and the certainty of the conclusion they arrive at. Logical reasoning is norm-governed in the sense that it aims to formulate correct arguments that any rational person would find convincing. true or false claims about what is the case. The premises and the conclusion are propositions, i.e. It happens in the form of inferences or arguments by starting from a set of premises and reasoning to a conclusion supported by these premises. ![]() ![]() Logical reasoning is a mental activity that aims to arrive at a conclusion in a rigorous manner. A key distinction is between deductive and non-deductive arguments. Logical reasoning is concerned with the correctness of arguments.
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